Facing indictment? Know your options

A retenir

  • La mise en examen est une décision du juge d’instruction lorsqu’il existe des indices graves ou concordants impliquant une personne dans une infraction.
  • Elle ouvre une phase d’instruction où la personne mise en examen bénéficie de droits étendus : avocat, accès au dossier, possibilité de demander des mesures complémentaires.
  • Le procureur de la République peut saisir le juge, mais seul ce dernier décide de la mise en examen après interrogatoire de première comparution.
  • Cette procédure peut entraîner des mesures restrictives de liberté : contrôle judiciaire, détention provisoire ou assignation à résidence avec bracelet électronique.
  • Être mis en examen ne signifie pas être coupable : c’est une protection juridique permettant de préparer sa défense avec un avocat pénaliste, comme le Cabinet Goldwin Avocats à Paris.
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The public prosecutor may initiate an investigation when there are sufficiently serious grounds to suspect that a criminal offence has been committed. Once this proposal has been made, it is up to the investigating judge to decide whether to order an investigation after hearing the person concerned. The assistance of a lawyer is recommended from the outset of this process, particularly during questioning after police custody.

Introduction to the indictment

Legal definition

An indictment is a decision taken by the examining magistrate as part of a judicial investigation. It consists of designating a person suspected of a criminal offence as the formal perpetrator.

Origin of the term

Introduced in 1993, this term originates from the French Code of Criminal Procedure, replacing the legal term “inculpation”.

The Examination Process

Roles and powers of the Examining Magistrate

The examining magistrate is at the heart of the indictment process. He is responsible for conducting the judicial investigation and ensuring that the rights of the accused person (defence) are respected throughout the proceedings.

In the performance of his duties, he has a number of powers:

  • Order investigative measures to gather evidence
  • Examine the evidence presented
  • Hear suspects and witnesses
  • Take coercive measures such as pre-trial detention
  • Decide on the outcome of the investigation, by dismissing the case or sending the person back to court.

The role of the examining magistrate after an indictment has been issued

Once the person has been indicted, the investigating judge continues his investigation to gather all the evidence needed to establish the truth. A more in-depth study could detail the investigating judge’s investigative powers, how he interacts with the person under investigation, and the limits of his intervention.

guide de la mise en examen

Indicators triggering an Examination

Specific criteria justifying an indictment

For an indictment to be issued, mere suspicion is not enough. The investigating judge must base his decision on concrete evidence constituting serious corroborating clues. This could explain what types of evidence the judge considers and how they are assessed in the course of the proceedings.

The examining magistrate can order an indictment when he or she finds concordant or serious evidence that leads to the presumption that the person has committed an offence.

This evidence must be sufficiently solid and consistent to establish a presumption of guilt against the suspect, such as :

  • corroborating testimony from credible sources
  • Conclusive forensic or technical evidence
  • documents or audio/video recordings
  • Physical evidence: fingerprints, DNA traces.

Non-textual element: Explanatory video on the criteria for indictment.

The First Appearance and its Stakes

Once the decision to bring an indictment has been taken, the person concerned is summoned to appear for the first time before the examining magistrate.

This summons allows the suspect to be informed of the charges against him or her and to benefit from his or her rights of defence.

Implications and consequences of an indictment

Possible Restrictive Measures

When a person is indicted, the examining magistrate can apply several restrictive measures such as :

  • Pre-trial detention: imprisonment of the person before trial, in exceptional cases and under certain conditions.
  • Judicial supervision: a ban on leaving the country or meeting certain people and an obligation to report regularly to the court or the police.
  • House arrest with an electronic tag.

These various measures are designed to ensure that the investigation runs smoothly and to prevent any risk of flight or pressure on witnesses.

What’s new: Personal data protection

The indictment procedure must be carried out with absolute respect for the fundamental rights of the people involved in the judicial investigation. This includes the protection of their personal data, which takes various forms, such as :

  • Confidentiality of sensitive information
  • Respect for the rights of individuals
  • Restricted access to information

Data erasure and the right to be forgotten

An accused person may request that his or her personal data be deleted. They can also assert their right to be forgotten in order to protect their reputation and privacy after the conclusion of a legal case.

The legal procedures for making this request vary according to the regulations in force in each jurisdiction, such as :

  • Identifying the personal data to be deleted: video or audio recordings, bank statements, medical information, etc.
  • Drawing up a written request: details of the data to be deleted, reasons for deletion, etc.
  • Consulting a lawyer.

Rights and obligations when an investigation is launched

The Rights of the Defence

An accused person has a number of fundamental rights that guarantee respect for his dignity and personal freedom:

  • The assistance of a lawyer from the outset of the proceedings
  • The right to remain silent so as not to incriminate themselves
  • To be informed of the charges against them
  • Access to the case file and copies of essential documents.

Legal obligations of the accused

In return for its rights, the defence is subject to certain legal obligations, particularly with regard to its cooperation with the courts:

  • Appear when summoned by the examining magistrate or the court
  • Not hinder the investigation by concealing evidence or influencing witnesses
  • Comply with any measures restricting their freedom.

How do I contest an indictment?

If the person under investigation does not agree with his or her indictment, there are a number of ways in which he or she can challenge the decision:

  • Request that the indictment be quashed on formal grounds or for lack of serious and corroborating evidence
  • Ask their lawyer to submit written observations or to plead their case before the examining magistrate
  • Appeal against the decision to initiate an examination before the Investigating Chamber.

Remedies available to the person under investigation

An accused person has a number of legal remedies to challenge the charges brought against him or her or the conditions of the proceedings. In this section, we will look in more detail at the various remedies available, such as applying to have the indictment declared null and void or appealing against the investigating judge’s decisions.

Questions fréquentes sur la mise en examen

La garde à vue intervient au début de l’enquête, sous la direction de la police judiciaire. Elle sert à vérifier des soupçons. En garde à vue, on est entendu comme suspect. La mise en examen, elle, intervient plus tard, quand un juge d’instruction estime qu’il existe des indices graves ou concordants. En mise en examen, on devient officiellement partie de la procédure avec des droits élargis.
Non. Le procureur de la République peut demander au juge d’instruction d’ouvrir une information judiciaire, mais seul ce dernier a le pouvoir de mettre une personne en examen. Le juge prend sa décision après avoir entendu la personne lors d’un interrogatoire de première comparution. Ce double contrôle évite qu’une mise en examen soit prononcée sur de simples soupçons sans preuve concrète.
Une personne mise en examen peut demander l’annulation de la décision pour vice de forme ou absence d’indices graves et concordants. L’avocat dépose alors un mémoire devant la chambre de l’instruction. Si la chambre estime la procédure irrégulière, elle peut annuler la mise en examen. Cette voie de recours protège contre les erreurs judiciaires et garantit le respect du Code de procédure pénale.
Non. La mise en examen permet au juge d’instruction de vérifier les faits avant toute décision. Si l’enquête démontre que la personne n’a commis aucune infraction, le juge rend une ordonnance de non-lieu. Seules les affaires où la participation à l’infraction paraît vraisemblable sont renvoyées devant le tribunal correctionnel ou la cour d’assises.
En principe oui, sauf si le juge a imposé une interdiction de sortie du territoire dans le cadre d’un contrôle judiciaire. Cette mesure vise à garantir la présence du mis en examen lors des convocations. Avant tout déplacement, il est conseillé de demander une autorisation écrite au juge d’instruction pour éviter tout incident. L’avocat peut vous assister dans cette démarche.
Le juge peut ordonner de nouvelles confrontations, expertises, ou auditions. S’il découvre des faits nouveaux, il peut élargir la mise en examen à d’autres infractions, après avoir entendu la personne concernée. Le mis en examen conserve ses droits, notamment celui de contester ces décisions et de demander des actes complémentaires par l’intermédiaire de son avocat.
Non. La mise en examen ne figure pas au casier judiciaire, sauf si elle conduit à une condamnation. Si le juge prononce un non-lieu ou un classement sans suite, aucune trace ne subsiste dans les bulletins du casier. Ce principe protège la présomption d’innocence et la réputation de la personne, même après une longue instruction.
Parce qu’un avocat expérimenté connaît les mécanismes de l’instruction et sait anticiper les stratégies du juge. Il intervient à chaque étape : interrogatoire, confrontation, requêtes en nullité ou demandes de mise en liberté.Le cabinet Goldwin Avocats à Paris accompagne les personnes et les chefs d'entreprises mis en examen pour défendre leurs droits, sécuriser la procédure et préserver leur liberté tout au long de l’enquête.

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